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Anti-Viral

C60 fullerene against SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus: an in silico insight

Vasyl V. Hurmach, Maksim O. Platonov, Svitlana V. Prylutska, Peter Scharff, Yuriy I. Prylutskyy & Uwe Ritter

According to the fact that C₆₀ fullerene (a sphere-shaped molecule consisting of carbon) has shown inhibitory activity against various protein targets, here the analysis of the potential binding mechanism between SARS-CoV-2 proteins 3CLpro and RdRp with C₆₀ fullerene was done; it has resulted in one and two possible binding mechanisms, respectively. In the case of 3CLpro, C₆₀ fullerene interacts in the catalytic binding pocket. And for RdRp in the first model C₆₀ fullerene blocks RNA synthesis pore and in the second one it prevents binding with Nsp8 co-factor (without this complex formation, RdRp can’t perform its initial functions). Then the molecular dynamics simulation confirmed the stability of created complexes. The obtained results might be a basis for other computational studies of 3CLPro and RdRp potential inhibition ways as well as the potential usage of C₆₀ fullerene in the fight against COVID-19 disease.

Anti-Influenza

Anti-Influenza Activity of C60 Fullerene Derivatives

Masaki Shoji, 1 Etsuhisa Takahashi, 2 Dai Hatakeyama, 1 Yuma Iwai, 1 Yuka Morita, 1 Riku Shirayama, 1 Noriko Echigo, 1 Hiroshi Kido, 2 Shigeo Nakamura, 3 Tadahiko Mashino, 4 Takeshi Okutani, 1 and Takashi Kuzuhara 1 , *

The H1N1 influenza A virus, which originated in swine, caused a global pandemic in 2009, and the highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza virus has also caused epidemics in Southeast Asia in recent years. Thus, the threat from influenza A remains a serious global health issue, and novel drugs that target these viruses are highly desirable. Influenza A RNA polymerase consists of the PA, PB1, and PB2 subunits, and the N-terminal domain of the PA subunit demonstrates endonuclease activity.

In a cell culture system, we found that several fullerene derivatives inhibit influenza A viral infection and the expression of influenza A nucleoprotein and nonstructural protein 1. These results indicate that fullerene derivatives are possible candidates for the development of novel anti-influenza drugs.

Free Radicals Antioxidants

Free Radicals, Antioxidants in Disease and Health

Lien Ai Pham-Huy,1 Hua He,2 and Chuong Pham-Huy3

Free radicals and oxidants play a dual role as both toxic and beneficial compounds, since they can be either harmful or helpful to the body. They are produced either from normal cell metabolisms in situ or from external sources (pollution, cigarette smoke, radiation, medication). When an overload of free radicals cannot gradually be destroyed, their accumulation in the body generates a phenomenon called oxidative stress. This process plays a major part in the development of chronic and degenerative illness such as cancer, autoimmune disorders, aging, cataract, rheumatoid arthritis, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases.

Diminish Muscle Fatigue

C 60 Fullerenes Diminish Muscle Fatigue in Rats Comparable to N-acetylcysteine or β-Alanine

Inna V Vereshchaka 1, Nataliya V Bulgakova 2, Andriy V Maznychenko 2, Olga O Gonchar 3, Yuriy I Prylutskyy 4, Uwe Ritter 5, Waldemar Moska 1, Tomasz Tomiak 1, Dmytro M Nozdrenko 4, Iryna V Mishchenko 6, Alexander I Kostyukov 2 , Olena A. Kyzyma1,4, Uwe Ritter5 , Peter Scharff5 , Tomasz Tomiak6 , Dmytro M. Nozdrenko1 , Iryna V. Mishchenko7 and Alexander I. Kostyukov2

The aim of this study is to detect the effects of C₆₀ fullerenes, which possess pronounced antioxidant properties, in comparison with the actions of the known exogenous antioxidants N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and β-Alanine in terms of exercise tolerance and contractile property changes of the m. triceps surae (TS) during development of the muscle fatigue in rats.

Oral C₆₀FAS administration clearly demonstrated an action on skeletal muscle fatigue development similar to the effects of i.p. injections of the exogenous antioxidants NAC or β-Alanine. This creates opportunities to oral use of C₆₀FAS as a potential therapeutic agent. Due to the membranotropic activity of C₆₀ fullerenes, non-toxic C₆₀FAS has a more pronounced effect on the prooxidant-antioxidant homeostasis of muscle tissues in rats.

Olive Oil vs. Sunflower Oil

C60 fullerene as synergistic agent in tumor-inhibitory Doxorubicin treatment

Effect of olive and sunflower seed oil on the adult skin barrier: implications for neonatal skin care

Simon G Danby 1, Tareq AlEnezi, Amani Sultan, Tina Lavender, John Chittock, Kirsty Brown, Michael J Cork

The first cohort applied six drops of olive oil to one forearm twice daily for 5 weeks. The second cohort applied six drops of olive oil to one forearm and six drops of sunflower seed oil to the other twice daily for 4 weeks. The effect of the treatments was evaluated by determining stratum corneum integrity and cohesion, intercorneocyte cohesion, moisturization, skin-surface pH, and erythema. Topical application of olive oil for 4 weeks caused a significant reduction in stratum corneum integrity and induced mild erythema in volunteers with and without a history of atopic dermatitis. Sunflower seed oil preserved stratum corneum integrity, did not cause erythema, and improved hydration in the same volunteers. In contrast to sunflower seed oil, topical treatment with olive oil significantly damages the skin barrier, and therefore has the potential to promote the development of, and exacerbate existing, atopic dermatitis. The use of olive oil for the treatment of dry skin and infant massage should therefore be discouraged.